Genito-urinary cancers include cancers of the Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder, Prostate and Urethra/penis which forms the Urinary System as well as cancers of the testis which forms the male genital system. Presenting features of any urinary cancer include Hematuria (blood in the Urine), Dysuria (painful urination). Other features could be weight loss, anaemia, lump in the abdomen (kidney cancer), and difficulty in passing urine (bladder and prostate cancer). Any ulcer on one’s penis should alert one to the possibility of having a cancer. Testicular cancers usually present as a swelling of one of the testicles which is usually painless. Rarely it can present as a lump in the abdomen also.
Treatment for each of these cancers is different but in most cases it is surgery. Chemotherapy, radiation and hormonal modalities also have a role in various cancers. Recent advances have greatly improved to outcomes in these cancers.
In Kindey cancers, newer methods of treatment help in preservation of a majority of the kidney in some cases. Minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic and robotic nephrectomy have shown excellent results.
Bladder cancers include removal of the diseased portion of the bladder along with the usage of chemotherapy. Usually early cases can be treated with endoscopic removal while more advanced cases need bladder removal. The surgery can include removal of the entire bladder or removal of part of the bladder. If the entire bladder is removed, a new bladder is made using some of the bowel. Newer less invasive techniques such as robotic surgery are showing promise.
Prostate cancers are treated by surgery in early cases. More advanced cases are usually treated by non surgical means such as hormonal manipulation. Newer robotic surgical excision has shown the maximum promise in treatment of these cancers.
Cancers of the penis are treated mainly by surgery only. Along with excision of the cancer itself, surgery is also performed in the groin region (inguinal region) as the cancer mainly spreads to that region. Radiation also may have a role in few cases.
Testicular cancers have a wide spectrum of treatment including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery includes removal of the cancerous testicle and also intra-abdominal surgery known as retro-peritoneal lymph node dissection. This entails removal of tissue in the abdomen where the cancer from the testicle spreads. Newer minimally invasive techniques such as robotic RPLND are showing promise with better results and faster healing.
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